Resumen Introducción El desarrollo de protocolos de rehabilitación cardiaca tradicional proporciona grandes beneficios para la salud a pesar de las limitaciones espaciales y funcionales que generan. Los sistemas de realidad virtual han sido objeto de gran interés en la rehabilitación cardiaca debido a los beneficios que aportan, a la motivación de los pacientes y a la reducción de los plazos. Objetivo Evaluar la eficacia de los sistemas de realidad virtual en la aplicación de programas de rehabilitación cardiaca. Método: Se realizó una revisión sistemática sobre el uso de los sistemas de realidad virtual en rehabilitación cardiaca y su efecto. En la búsqueda se incluyeron las bases de datos Scopus, Sport-Discus, PubMed-Medline, Web of Science y Dialnet. Resultados De 280 artículos identificados, ocho fueron escogidos de acuerdo con los criterios de inclusión. Un total de 872 pacientes fueron analizados. Los resultados mostraron diferencias significativas a favor de las terapias con realidad virtual, en la adherencia y en mejores niveles de los indicadores de capacidad y de potencia aeróbica. Conclusiones Se confirma que la aplicación de sistemas de realidad virtual en programas de rehabilitación cardiaca favorece la adherencia al programa y genera mejoras en los indicadores físicos.

Abstract Introduction The development of traditional cardiac rehabilitation protocols provides great health benefits despite the spatial and functional limitations that they generate. Virtual reality systems have been the object of great interest in cardiac rehabilitation due to the benefits they provide, the motivation of patients and the reduction of time limits. Objective To evaluate the effectiveness of virtual reality systems in the application of cardiac rehabilitation programs. Method A systematic review was carried out to evaluate the use of virtual reality systems in cardiac rehabilitation programs. The search included databases such as Scopus, Sport-Discus, PubMed-Medline, Web of Science, and Dialnet. Results Of 280 identified articles, eight were chosen based on the inclusion criteria. A total of 872 patients were analyzed. The results changed differences in favor of virtual reality therapies, in the motivation to develop the program, reduction in hospitalization time, better levels of capacity and aerobic power markers. Conclusions We can confirm the evidence of the application of virtual reality technologies in cardiac rehabilitation programs causing improvements in aerobic capacity, vital capacity or in the level of effort that patients with cardiac pathology endure.

RESUMO OBJETIVO O objetivo do presente estudo foi comparar os efeitos da desvalorização do desempenho físico, da pressão arterial e das variáveis bioquímicas e antropométricas dos idosos hipertensivos, dependendo de duas categorias de atividade física prévia. MÉTODOS Foram incluídos no estudo 87 idosos (70 a 93 anos) com níveis de pressão arterial sistólica/diastólica superiores a 120/80 mmHg que participaram durante 18 meses não consecutivos em dois anos em programas de exercício físico. Os testes foram realizados antes e depois de três meses sem programas de exercícios. Foram avaliados a frequência das sessões de exercício, marcadores hematológicos, função cardiorrespiratória e parâmetros antropométricos. Os resultados foram analisados de acordo com o cumprimento das recomendações da OMS sobre atividade física moderada (pelo menos 150 minutos/semana). RESULTADOS O peso, o colesterol total e a glicose foram influenciados pela quantidade de atividade física realizada previamente ao período de destreinamento. Posteriormente, o colesterol total, a glicose, a insulina e o peso apresentaram diferenças significativas influenciadas pela quantidade de atividade física previamente realizada (p<0,05). CONCLUSÕES O número de minutos por semana de treinamento aeróbico e de exercícios resistidos durante 18 meses não consecutivos não foi um fator determinante significativo na evolução da hipertensão durante os três meses de destreinamento.

SUMMARY AIM The aim of the present study was to compare the effects of detraining on physical performance, blood pressure, biologic and anthropometric variables of hypertensive elderly individuals, grouped by two levels of previous physical activity. METHODS A total of 87 elderly individuals (70 to 93 years old) with systolic/diastolic blood pressure levels above 120/80 mmHg who participated during 18 non-consecutive months in 2 years in physical exercise programs offered in northern Portugal communities were included in the study. Tests were performed before and after three months of no exercise. Attendance to the exercise sessions, hematological markers, cardiorespiratory function, and anthropometric variables were assessed. The results were analyzed according to the fulfillment of the WHO recommendations on moderate physical activity (at least 150 minutes/week). RESULTS Weight, total cholesterol, and glucose were influenced by the amount of physical activity performed previously to the detraining period. After the detraining period, the total cholesterol, glucose, insulin, and weight had significant differences influenced by the amount of physical activity previously performed (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS The number of minutes per week of aerobic and resistance exercise training over 18 non-consecutive months was not a significant determinant factor in the development of hypertension during the three months of detraining.

ABSTRACT Background: Questionnaires for estimating physical activity are measurement tools widely used by health professionals. Therefore, it is important to know their characteristics and quality. This systematic review aimed at identifying and analyzing de psychometric properties of the existing physical activity questionnaires validated in Spanish people older than 60 years of age, as well as to inform about the methodological quality of the studies performed concerning their validity and/or reliability. Methods: A systematic review of the available scientific literature regarding studies focused on the validity and/or reliability of questionnaires used for estimating the prevalence of physical activity among Spanish populations over 60 years old. The Qualitative Attributes and Measurement Properties of Physical Activity Questionnaires checklist (QAPAQ), was used to evaluate the sample characteristics, the psychometric properties, the validity, the test-retest reliability and the methodological quality of each study identified. Results: A total of 8 questionnaires were found and analyzed, highlighting in means of validity the short Spanish version (VREM) of the Minnesota Leisure Time Physical Activity Questionnaire (construct validity 95.5% with Kappa = 0.93) as well as in reliability (ICC=0.96), along with the Modified Baecke (ICC = 0,92-0,96). Four questionnaires met more than 80% of the criteria proposed by the QAPAQ. The YPAS was the questionnaire which reached the higher score. Conclusions: When estimating the amount of physical activity performed by Spanish people older than 60 years of age by means of questionnaires, it is advisable to use (in this order) the YPAS, VREM and Modified Baecke.

RESUMEN Fundamentos: Los cuestionarios de estimación de actividad física son herramientas ampliamente empleadas por los profesionales de la salud. Resulta esencial conocer la calidad y características de los mismos. Esta revisión sistemática tuvo como objetivo identificar y analizar las características psicométricas de los cuestionarios de realización de actividad física validados en población española mayor de 60 años, así como la calidad metodológica de los estudios de su validez y/o fiabilidad. Métodos: Revisión sistemática de estudios donde se informe de la validez y/o fiabilidad de cuestionarios adaptados al castellano para estimar la actividad física realizada por población mayor de 60 años. Se estudiaron las características de la muestra, las propiedades psicométricas validez y fiabilidad test-retest, así como la calidad metodológica de los estudios, que se evaluó mediante la lista de comprobación Qualitative Atributes and Measurement Properties of Physical Activity Questionnaires (QAPAQ). Resultados: Fueron encontrados y analizados un total de 8 cuestiona- rios, destacando en validez la Versión Reducida en Español del cuestionario de actividad física en el tiempo libre de Minnesota (VREM) (validez de constructo 95,5% con Kappa = 0,93) así como en fiabilidad (ICC=0,96), junto con el Modified Baecke (ICC = 0,92-0,96). Los criterios propuestos por el QAPAQ fueron superados en un 80% por 4 cuestionarios, siendo el Yale Physical Activity Survey (YPAS), el cuestionario que mayor puntuación obtuvo. Conclusiones: Al objeto de estimar la cantidad de AF realizada por personas mayores de 60 años de nacionalidad española mediante cuestionarios, se aconseja el empleo, por este orden, de los instrumentos YPAS, VREM y Modified Baecke.

ABSTRACT Background: Questionnaires for estimating physical activity are measurement tools widely used by health professionals. Therefore, it is important to know their characteristics and quality. This systematic review aimed at identifying and analyzing de psychometric properties of the existing physical activity questionnaires validated in Spanish people older than 60 years of age, as well as to inform about the methodological quality of the studies performed concerning their validity and/or reliability. Methods: A systematic review of the available scientific literature regarding studies focused on the validity and/or reliability of questionnaires used for estimating the prevalence of physical activity among Spanish populations over 60 years old. The Qualitative Attributes and Measurement Properties of Physical Activity Questionnaires checklist (QAPAQ), was used to evaluate the sample characteristics, the psychometric properties, the validity, the test-retest reliability and the methodological quality of each study identified. Results: A total of 8 questionnaires were found and analyzed, highlighting in means of validity the short Spanish version (VREM) of the Minnesota Leisure Time Physical Activity Questionnaire (construct validity 95.5% with Kappa = 0.93) as well as in reliability (ICC=0.96), along with the Modified Baecke (ICC = 0,92-0,96). Four questionnaires met more than 80% of the criteria proposed by the QAPAQ. The YPAS was the questionnaire which reached the higher score. Conclusions: When estimating the amount of physical activity performed by Spanish people older than 60 years of age by means of questionnaires, it is advisable to use (in this order) the YPAS, VREM and Modified Baecke.

RESUMEN Fundamentos: Los cuestionarios de estimación de actividad física son herramientas ampliamente empleadas por los profesionales de la salud. Resulta esencial conocer la calidad y características de los mismos. Esta revisión sistemática tuvo como objetivo identificar y analizar las características psicométricas de los cuestionarios de realización de actividad física validados en población española mayor de 60 años, así como la calidad metodológica de los estudios de su validez y/o fiabilidad. Métodos: Revisión sistemática de estudios donde se informe de la validez y/o fiabilidad de cuestionarios adaptados al castellano para estimar la actividad física realizada por población mayor de 60 años. Se estudiaron las características de la muestra, las propiedades psicométricas validez y fiabilidad test-retest, así como la calidad metodológica de los estudios, que se evaluó mediante la lista de comprobación Qualitative Atributes and Measurement Properties of Physical Activity Questionnaires (QAPAQ). Resultados: Fueron encontrados y analizados un total de 8 cuestiona- rios, destacando en validez la Versión Reducida en Español del cuestionario de actividad física en el tiempo libre de Minnesota (VREM) (validez de constructo 95,5% con Kappa = 0,93) así como en fiabilidad (ICC=0,96), junto con el Modified Baecke (ICC = 0,92-0,96). Los criterios propuestos por el QAPAQ fueron superados en un 80% por 4 cuestionarios, siendo el Yale Physical Activity Survey (YPAS), el cuestionario que mayor puntuación obtuvo. Conclusiones: Al objeto de estimar la cantidad de AF realizada por personas mayores de 60 años de nacionalidad española mediante cuestionarios, se aconseja el empleo, por este orden, de los instrumentos YPAS, VREM y Modified Baecke.

Abstract This study investigates the construct validity of the Spanish version of the CHAMPS questionnaire with institutionalized older adults between the ages of 74 and 90. Seven days of accelerometer data were collected from 52 participants (mean age 82.40 ± 8.26 years), followed by the administration of CHAMPS. The Barthel Index and the Chair Stand Test were used to assess functional independence and fitness levels. The four scores yielded by CHAMPS showed a low-to-moderate agreement with the data derived from the accelerometer (r=0.253-0.385) and with the Barthel Index (r=0.313-0.519), but no association was established with fitness levels. Additionally, no significant correlations were observed between CHAMPS and the accelerometer when cognitive impairment was considered. The results imply that the Spanish version of CHAMPS shows construct validity to estimate the amount of physical activity performed by institutionalized older adults without cognitive impairment.